It is hard to define the

Now that the health care debate seems to be nearing an end, we're going to take you back closer to the beginning. To last summer and fall, and the days of the arguments that care would be rationed based on how much it costs.

Any number of hard links, and thus any number of names, can be created for any file. Hard links can also be created to other hard links. However, they cannot be created for directoriesand they cannot cross filesystem boundaries or span across partitions. The operating system makes no distinction between the name that was originally assigned to a file when it was first created and any hard links that are subsequently created to that file other than that they are merely multiple names for the same file.

This is because the original name and any hard links all point to the same inode. An inode is a data structure i. The fact that inode numbers are unique only within any filesystem is the reason that they do not work across filesystems and partitions. Hard links are created with the ln command.

For example, the following would create a hard link named hlink1 to a file named file1, both in the current directory i. That is, hard links appear to be files of the same type as their target files It is hard to define the.

Likewise, when viewed in a GUI graphical user interfacethe icons for hard links are identical to those for their target files. That the initial name of a file and all hard links to that file all share the same inode can be clearly seen by using the ls command with its -i i.

Thus, for example, the following would show that the inode numbers of file1 and hlink1 from the above example are identical: It can be seen that the number is the sum of the target file and any hard links to it i. However, some text editors may break the link by creating a new inode for the revised contents,1 and thus it can be prudent to check important links after modifying files.

The rm command superficially appears to remove or delete files. What it really does, however, is to reduce a file's hard link count i. When the count reaches zero, the file appears to have vanished because there is no longer any easy way to reference it.

However, the file's data is only truly deleted when the location s on the hard disk drive HDD or other storage media that contains it is overwritten by a new file.

Thus, for example, the following would remove the hard link hlink1 that was created in the above example: Typing the name of the hard link will cause the program or script to be executed in the same way as using its original name. Symbolic links, also called soft links, are more useful than hard links because they can be made to directories as well as to files on different filesystems and on different partitions.

Moreover, when using a GUI, symbolic links have special icons that immediately identify them as being links rather than ordinary files. However, they have the disadvantage that they become unusable if their target file is deleted. Aliases superficially resemble hard links in that they are another way of providing multiple names for any file.

However, the alias command is built into the shell i. Like symbolic links, aliases can be used not only for files but also for directories and can cross filesystem and partition boundaries.

In addition, an alias can be used as a short name for any shell text i. However, they were not broken when using the vi and Abiword text editors as well as the KHexEdit hex editor on the same version of Linux.

The failure of gedit to preserve hard links was due to the fact that it actually creates a copy of the modified file that it saves and thus the new inode number rather than making the changes to the original file, but this copy is given the name of the original file.

However, a similar test using a newer version of gedit 2. Created October 19, Also, hard times. A period of difficulty or hardship, especially financial hardship.

A period of difficulty or hardship, especially financial hardship. For example, Since Mom died, Christmas has been a hard time for Dad, or It's been hard times for both of them since they split up.

Kai Ryssdal: Now that the health care debate seems to be nearing an end, we're going to take you back closer to the beginning. To last summer and fall, and the days of the arguments that care.

Mar 02,  · AN effort to update the definition of public relations for an age of social media and spin doctors suggests why many people think the public relations industry could use some help with its .

Hard is the general word: hard times; It was hard to endure the severe weather. Difficult means not easy, and particularly denotes that which requires special effort or skill: a difficult task. 5. complex, complicated, perplexing, puzzling, intricate, knotty, tough.

hard·en (här′dn) v. hard·ened, hard·en·ing, hard·ens regardbouddhiste.com 1. To make hard or harder: harden steel. 2.

To enable to withstand physical or mental hardship: was hardened by years of working as a farmer. 3. To make unfeeling, unsympathetic, or callous: The betrayal hardened his heart against intimacy. 4. To make fixed, settled, or less subject to.

The term "derivatives" is hard to define because it has multiple applications in different fields. For example, in math, a derivative is defined as the slope at a point.